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Perceiving and Presenting Self (self-concept (The overall idea of who a…

- - - - superiority/inferiority: we evaluate characteristics like attractiveness, intelligence, athletic ability, and so on.
      - similarity/difference:Factors like age and personality may influence whether or not we want to fit in or stand out.
- - - - For example. While I appreciate drawing as an art form, I don’t consider drawing ability to be a very big part of my self-concept. If someone critiqued my drawing ability, my self-esteem wouldn’t take a big hit. I do consider myself a good teacher, however, and I have spent and continue to spend considerable time and effort on improving my knowledge of teaching and my teaching skills. If someone critiqued my teaching knowledge and/or abilities, my self-esteem would definitely be hurt.
- - - - People who being given positive feedback can increase our self-efficacy, which may make us more likely to engage in a similar task in the future. Positive feedback tends to make people raise their expectations for themselves and negative feedback does the opposite, which ultimately affects behaviors and creates the cycle.
      - negative feedback can lead to decreased self-efficacy and a declining interest in engaging with the activity again
- - - - It consists of the attributes that you or someone else would like you to possess.
    - - It consists of the attributes you or someone else believes you should possess.
    - - It consists of the attributes that you or someone else believes you actually possess.
        
        When we compare the actual self to the expectations of ourselves and others, we can see particular patterns of emotional and behavioral effects.
      - When our actual self doesn’t match up with what we think other people think we should obtain, we are not living up to the ought self that we think others have constructed for us, which can lead to feelings of agitation, feeling threatened, and fearing potential punishment.
      - when our actual self doesn’t match up with what we think we should obtain, we are not meeting what we see as our duties or obligations, which can lead to feelings of agitation including guilt, weakness, and a feeling that we have fallen short of our moral standard.
      - Actual vs. own ideals. We have an overall feeling that we are not obtaining our desires and hopes, which leads to feelings of disappointment, dissatisfaction, and frustration.
        
        Actual vs. others’ ideals. We have an overall feeling that we are not obtaining significant others’ desires and hopes for us, which leads to feelings of shame and embarrassment.
        
        Actual vs. others’ ought. We have an overall feeling that we are not meeting what others see as our duties and obligations, which leads to feelings of agitation including fear of potential punishment.
        
        Actual vs. own ought. We have an overall feeling that we are not meeting our duties and obligations, which can lead to a feeling that we have fallen short of our own moral standards.
- - - - self-enhancement bias which means we tend to emphasize our desirable qualities relative to other people.
        
        “Economic Inequality Is Linked to Biased Self-Perception,”
        
        A sense of being marginalized from both ethnic groups and interfere in the development of positive self-esteem and a stable self-concept.
    - - The vast majority of media images include idealized representations of attractiveness
        
        Aside from overall attractiveness, the media also offers narrow representations of acceptable body weight.
    - - Parents and peers shape our self-perceptions in positive and negative ways. Feedback that we get from significant others, which includes close family, can lead to positive views of self.
        
        Motivation is the underlying force that drives us to do things.
        
        Intrinsic motivation is more substantial and long-lasting than extrinsic motivation and can lead to the development of a work ethic and sense of pride in one’s abilities.
- - - - Self-serving self-presentation
        
        Prosocial self-presentation entails behaviors that present a person as a role model and make a person more likable and attractive.
      - Prosocial self-presentation
        
        Self-serving self-presentation entails behaviors that present a person as highly skilled, willing to challenge others, and someone not to be messed with.