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The Chemical Context Of Life (Chemical Bonds (Molecule Structure…

- - - - 20-25% are essential elements
        
        Elements needed for organism to live
        
        C, H, O, N are 96% of living things
      - Some are toxic to organisms
- - - - Is packed in the nucleus
    - - Is electrically charged with a positive charge
      - Is packed in the nucleus
    - - Is electrically charged with a negative charge
      - Surrounds the atom to make a cloud of negative charge
  - - - Electrical charge is always neutral unless otherwise indicated
        
        Neutral = Same number of protons and electrons
  - - - Close, but exact number of weight of protons +neutrons
- - - - Used to see how old a fossil is
        
        The number of half-lifes show how old a fossil is
- - - - Electrons work better when closer to nucleus (innermost electron shell)
- - - - Two or more atoms sharing electrons equally due to same electronegativity
    - - Two or more atoms unequally sharing electrons b/c of different electronegativity
  - - - Example shows single bond
  - - - Cation - positive charge ion; the one that gets electron taken off
      - Anion - negative charged ion; the one that gets electron
      - Ex: Salt
      - Ionic compounds/ salts are formed by these types of bonds
- - - - Associated w/kinetic energy
      - Heat
        
        Idea of particles moving at different speeds
  - - - Vice versa for cooling
    - - 1,000 cal needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1 C
    - - 1 J = 0.239 cal
      - 1 cal = 4.184 J
  - - - Ex: Water in iron pot, iron is absorb more heat than water
    - - Ex: Ocean absorb heat from sun
  - - - Occurs at different rates, depending on temp.
      - Heat of Vaporization
        
        Amount of heat liquid needs for 1 g to be gas
        
        Ex: Part of water cycle that regulates Earth water
        
        Evaporative Cooling
        
        Results from vaporizing
        
        Hottest molecules leave, which leaves cold molecules
        
        Decreases temp. of substance
  - - - Makes ice float
      - Contributes to problem of global warming (ice disappearing)
- - - - Sphere around dissolved water ion
    - - Ex: Sugar + Water = Soluble
    - - Molecular Mass
        
        Used to calculate concentration within substance
        
        Sum of masses of all atoms in molecule
        
        Mole (mol)
        
        Used b/c small numbers of molecules can't be weighed out
        
        Unit represents exact number of objects
        
        6.02 * 10^23
        
        6.02 * 10^23 daltons in 1 g
        
        Avogadro's Number
        
        Molarity
        
        number of liters/p liter of solution
        
        Unit of concentration
        
        Possible Evolution On Other Planets
        
        Water on Mars
        
        Possible life b/c of water
- - - - Ex: Cotton
  - - - Ex: Vegetable oil (separates from water when mixed)
- - - - Strong acid, dissociates completely
    - - Carbonic acid fills ocean water
      - Harms ecosystems
      - Happens b/c of CO2 from global warming
      - Extra hydrogen ions decrease carbonate ions
        
        Lots of carbonate ions are needed for calcification (necessary for coral-like/ shell-like creatures)
  - - - Strong base, dissociates completely
  - - - Ex: neutral aqueous solution
        -log 10^-7 = -(-7) = 7